iMPLANTS-CM

“iMPLANTS-CM: Impresión de metamateriales empleando aleaciones con memoria y gradientes funcionales para una nueva generación de implantes inteligentes”

Proyecto Sinérgico de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (Ref. Y2020/BIO-6756)

IP: Andrés Díaz Lantada, Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Co-IP: Jon Mikel Molina Aldareguia, Instituto IMDEA Materiales

Financiación: Dirección General de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Consejería de Ciencia, Universidades e Investigación, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Proyectos Sinérgicos de I+D en Nuevas y Emergentes Áreas Científicas en la Frontera de la Ciencia y de Naturaleza Interdisciplinar (Orden 93/2020 de 22 de junio).

Región: Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid.

Periodo de ejecución: 2021 – 2024.

Investigadores principales: Jon Mikel Molina Aldareguia (jon.molina@imdea.org) y Andrés Díaz Lantada (andres.diaz@upm.es).

Socios: Instituto IMDEA Materiales y Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (entidad coordinadora del proyecto).

Introducción

            Investigadores del Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica de la ETSI Industriales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y del Instituto IMDEA Materiales investigan juntos en el proyecto “iMPLANTS-CM: impresión de metamateriales empleando aleaciones con memoria de forma y gradientes funcionales para una nueva generación de implantes inteligentes”. El proyecto está financiado por la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, a través de su convocatoria 2020 de “ayudas para la realización de proyectos sinérgicos de I+D en nuevas y emergentes áreas científicas en la frontera de la ciencia y de naturaleza interdisciplinar” recientemente resuelta. Se trata de una convocatoria altamente competitiva (18 proyectos elegidos entre unas 200 propuestas), inspirada en el modelo “Synergy Grant” del “European Research Council”.

iMPLANTS-CM persigue el diseño y la fabricación personalizada de implantes activos, capaces de modificar su geometría de forma controlada, para potenciar cirugías de mínima invasión y posibilitar evoluciones geométricas, que acompañen a los procesos de curación y crecimiento de los pacientes. Utilizará para ello tecnologías de impresión 3D y 4D, junto a materiales innovadores, en especial aleaciones “inteligentes” de Ni-Ti, así como geometrías especiales que potencien sus capacidades metamórficas. Entre las aplicaciones a desarrollar cabe citar: stents para tratamiento de aneurismas en bifurcaciones arteriales, estructuras para válvulas cardiacas y anillos de anuloplastia, implantables de forma mínimamente invasiva, y microbots para intervenciones controladas de forma remota en el interior del organismo humano.

Desafíos e hipótesis de partida

            Las tecnologías de fabricación aditiva, ahora populares bajo la denominación de “impresión 3D”, han reinventado muchos aspectos del desarrollo de productos en las últimas décadas. Aspectos como: la obtención de geometrías complejas y la consiguiente libertad geométrica a la hora de diseñar, que posibilitan la creación de objetos con características especiales;  la  eliminación de costosas herramientas productivas, con lo que se promueve la personalización; o la integración de funcionalidades que, a través de la citada complejidad geométrica, permiten reducir el número de componentes y operaciones implicados en la materialización de todo tipo de sistemas de ingeniería, son ahora realidades gracias al empleo de la fabricación aditiva. En el ámbito médico, las tecnologías de fabricación aditiva han permitido también mejorar numerosas actuaciones sobre los pacientes y promover la personalización en los tratamientos: la fabricación en base a imágenes médicas de los pacientes de modelos para entrenamiento y planificación quirúrgica, de guías de apoyo a la cirugía e incluso de implantes para reconstrucciones óseas, son ahora tendencia en la práctica médica, si bien su empleo no es aún generalizado.

Sin embargo, muchas de estas propuestas de aplicación de las tecnologías aditivas al campo de la salud, especialmente en el caso del desarrollo de implantes, son estáticas y no permiten una colaboración dinámica con los tejidos de los pacientes, que posibilite cirugías mínimamente invasivas o permitan una adaptación geométrica conforme a los procesos de curación o crecimiento de los pacientes. El empleo de implantes “inteligentes”, capaces de sufrir progresivas metamorfosis conforme a los procesos quirúrgicos, de integración biológica, de curación y de crecimiento, y que además se diseñen de forma personalizada y se fabriquen de forma aditiva, aprovechando todo el potencial de estas tecnologías, es aún un sueño.

Existen ciertos conceptos de dispositivos médicos “inteligentes”, fabricados de forma aditiva y que aprovechan las posibilidades de la denominada “impresión 4D”, para conseguir una deseable respuesta dinámica. Pero la gran mayoría de dichos conceptos se basan en el empleo de tecnologías aditivas de fotopolimerización, de deposición de filamentos termoplásticos fundidos o en la bioimpresión de hidrogeles. Por tanto, no resultan soluciones adecuadas, ni desde el punto de vista biomecánico, por la limitada capacidad de carga de muchos de los polímeros o hidrogeles utilizados; ni biológico, por la toxicidad de acrilatos y epoxis empleados en las tecnologías de fotopolimerización aditiva. En la actualidad, los implantes inteligentes más relevantes se siguen fabricando aleaciones de la familia del nitinol (Ni-Ti en distintas proporciones y con diferentes microaleantes) que destacan por sus propiedades de memoria de forma y superelasticidad. Sin embargo, los procesos de síntesis, fabricación y procesado son costosos y no permiten la personalización de los dispositivos, por lo que las aplicaciones siguen en esencia limitadas a los tradicionales “stents” vasculares y a ciertos útiles quirúrgicos, como los catéteres activos.

Nuestra hipótesis de partida es que, a través de una investigación sistemática y multidisciplinar, será posible fabricar de forma aditiva, combinando metamateriales, aleaciones con memoria y gradientes de composición, lo que reformulará el concepto de impresión 4D y posibilitará el desarrollo de una nueva generación de implantes personalizados e inteligentes, con capacidades metamórficas muy superiores a las actualmente disponibles.

Prototipos conceptuales de estructuras valvulares obtenidos mediante tecnología aditiva.

Objetivos del proyecto

            El proyecto iMPLANTS-CM presenta los siguientes objetivos principales:

  • OBJ.1. Investigar el ámbito de los metamateriales biomecánicos, idear y diseñar una colección singular de retículas o celdas unitarias, a modo de bloques constructivos, como posibilitadoras de nuevos principios de cambio de forma en impresión 4D.
  • OBJ.2. Desarrollar la fabricación aditiva de aleaciones con memoria de forma y gradientes funcionales e investigar su procesamiento guiado por modelos computacionales multi(físicos-químicos) y multiescala, para obtener estructuras con múltiples zonas activas.
  • OBJ.3. Integrar sinérgicamente los diseños de metamateriales y las aleaciones con propiedades de memoria de forma y superelasticidad para obtener piezas metálicas biocompatibles únicas capaces de experimentar múltiples metamorfosis controladas.
  • OBJ.4. Aplicar las investigaciones y desarrollos citados a la obtención de biometamateriales o bioestructuras activas en materiales de altas prestaciones y con capacidades metamórficas, como fundamento para futuras aplicaciones médicas.
  • OBJ.5. Desarrollar y validar una metodología para el diseño personalizado de implantes inteligentes y su producción personalizada en un único paso, como alternativa a los procesos actuales de fabricación de implantes de nitinol y otras aleaciones.
  • OBJ.6. Concebir, diseñar y validar, mediante prototipos funcionales y experimentos in vitro, una nueva generación de implantes inteligentes basados en los materiales, geometrías y procesos investigados.
  • OBJ.7. Establecer una alianza a largo plazo entre la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y el Instituto IMDEA Materiales, en el ámbito de la fabricación aditiva biomédica, liderada por dos investigadores jóvenes con proyección destacable y con experiencias y conocimientos complementarios.
Esquema del proyecto iMPLANTS-CM: Situación científico-tecnológica actual, sinergias entre entidades solicitantes, avances y transformaciones fruto del proyecto.

Knowledge-Based Design of Complex Geometries

Additive manufacturing technologies, by working on a layer-by-layer approach, enable solid free-form manufacture and the production of materials, devices and products with complex geometries impossible to obtain otherwise. Geometrical complexity can be used to integrate several functions in a single part, to optimize the number of components of engineering systems and to reduce the manufacturing steps involved in mass-production. Such geometrical complexity is also interesting for the promotion of biomimetic designs, for improving ergonomics and for enhancing mechanical, dynamical, thermal and fluidic functionalities following bioinspired design strategies and other theories for the generation of innovative and efficient designs, such as the constructal law. At the same time, geometrical complexity is inherent to topological optimization and to other optimization procedures aimed at minimizing material consumption and maximizing certain functionalities per mass unit. As regards the design and tool-less manufacture of complex geometries, we are actively working in research and development lines including:

  • Design of bioinspired support structures for eco-efficient additive manufacture.
  • Design and application of lattice and porous structures for developing metamaterials
  • Design and application of complex geometries for special properties (i.e. auxetics).
  • Design and application of lattice and porous geometries for efficient product development.
  • Design and application of complex geometries for efficient product development.
  • Topological optimization procedures towards improved resistance vs. weight.
  • Topological optimization procedures towards improved mass distributions.

 

Examples of complex geometries attainable by means of additive manufacturing technologies.

UBORA: Euro-African Open Biomedical Engineering e-Platform for innovation through Education

EU Commission, Horizon 2020, INFRASUPP-01-2016: Policy and international cooperation measures for research infrastructures. Objectives: The project aims at creating an EU-Africa e-Infrastructure, UBORA, for open source co-design of new solutions to face the current and future healthcare challenges of both continents, by exploiting networking, knowledge on rapid prototyping of new ideas and sharing of safety criteria and performance data. The e-Infrastructure will foster advances in education and the development of innovative solutions in Biomedical Engineering (BME), both of which are flywheels for European and African economies. In collaboration with: University of Pisa, KTH, University of Tartu, Uganda Industrial Research Institute, Kenyatta University, Agile Works.

ubora

TOMAX: Tool-less manufacture of complex geometries

  • “TOMAX: Tool-less manufacture of complex geometries”, EU Commission, Horizon 2020, Factories of the Future – FoF-02-2014-2015: Manufacturing processes for complex structures and geometries with efficient use of material. Objectives: The focus of the project is to unite industrial know-how in the field of software development, photopolymers and ceramics, high performance light-sources, system integration, life cycle analysis, industrial exploitation and rewarding end-user cases. The consortium will provide 3D-printers with high throughput and outstanding materials and energy efficiency. Targeted end-use applications include ceramics for aerospace engineering, medical devices and energy efficient lighting applications. In collaboration with: TU Wien, Lithoz GmbH (see prototypes below), Syalons Ltd, Rauschert GmbH, OSRAM, Research to Market, Deskartes, Cycleco, Invision. tomax-h2020.eu

tomax1

Knowledge-based tissue scaffolds obtained by lithography based ceramic manufacture
Knowledge-based tissue scaffolds obtained by lithography based ceramic manufacture

TEAM & CONTACTS

andresAndrés Díaz Lantada, is Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. His research interests are linked to the development of engineering products, mechanical systems and biomedical devices with improved capabilities, thanks to the incorporation of smart materials, special geometries and complex functional structures, mainly attainable by means of additive manufacturing processes. He is currently (since June 2011) Deputy Vice-Dean for Student Affairs and International Relations at the School of Industrial Engineering at the Technical University of Madrid (ETSII-UPM), UPM Contact Researcher at the “European Virtual Institute of Knowledge-Based Multifunctional Materials (KMM-VIN)”, UPM Leader at the “COST Action NewGen: New Generation Biomimetic and Customized Implants for Bone Engineering” and UPM Leader at the “Tomax: Tool-less manufacture of complex geometries” EU-H2020 Factories-of-the-Future Project and at the “UBORA: Euro-African Open Biomedical Engineering e-Platform for innovation through Education” EU-H2020 Infrasupp Project. He has received the “UPM PhD Thesis Extraordinary Award” in 2010, the “UPM Teaching Innovation Award” in 2014, the “UPM Young Researcher Award” in 2014, and the “Medal to Researchers under 40” by the “Spanish Royal Academy of Engineering” in 2015. Since January 2016 he has the honor of being Member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the International Journal of Engineering Education. Since 2015 he takes the lead of the UPM’s Product Development Lab.

Contact: adiaz@etsii.upm.es / Web: www.researchgate.net/profile/Andres_Diaz_Lantada

 juanmaJuan Manuel Muñoz Guijosa is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at  ETSII-UPM. His research activities are linked to several fields of Mechanical Engineering, including vibrations theory, composite materials, microsystem technology and systematic product development. After his award-winning PhD he was visiting researcher at MIT and worked four years for Bosch GmbH linked to the automotive industry. Since his reincorporation to UPM he has been linked to subjects on “Mechanism and Machine Theory”, “Vibrations Theory”, “Engineering Design”, among others, and participated in several research projects. More recently he has been visiting research professor at the Technical University of Tokio (twice, one semester each time) and at Drexel University. He is very active in the field of project-based learning and leads UPM’s “Composites and Nanocomposites Lab”.

jose-luisJosé Luis Muñoz Sanz is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. His research activities are linked to several fields of Mechanical Engineering, including most areas of machine security, machine performance assessment and systematic product development. He incorporates research results to subjects on “Mechanism and Machine Theory”, “Machine Design” and “Machine Security”, and participates in several public- and private-funded research projects, including a European project. He leads the “Mechanisms & Machines Lab” at ETSII – TU Madrid.

 

julioJulio Muñoz García is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. His research activities are linked to mechanical systems, vibration theory, tribological phenomena, biomechanics and biomedical product development. He has been involved in teaching-learning tasks in the fields of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering for more than 20 years, being a pioneer in these topics in our University.

 

javierJavier Echávarri Otero is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. His research activities are linked to several fields of Mechanical Engineering, including most areas of tribology and contact phenomena, machine performance assessment and systematic product development. He incorporates research results to subjects on “Machine Design”, “Tribology”, and “Engineering Design”, and participates in several public- and private-funded research projects. He leads a project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, linked to designing and manufacturing special surfaces for improved tribological performance, and our team’s tribology line.

 

enriqueEnrique Chacón Tanarro is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. His research activities are linked to several fields of Mechanical Engineering, including most areas of tribology and contact phenomena, machine performance assessment and systematic product development applied to energy engineering. He incorporates research results to subjects on “Machine Design”, “Tribology”, and “Engineering Design”, and participates in several research projects. He has recently been awarded the UPM Extraordinary Prize for his PhD on elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication.

 

pedroPedro Ortego García is Chief Scientific-Technological Laboratory Technician at UPM’s Product Development Lab and has more than twenty years of experience in product and prototype design and manufacture. From prototypes to final products, he masters the use of several design resources, 3D digitalization procedures, additive manufacturing technologies, rapid form copying processes and casting technologies. He supports research, development and innovation tasks in the laboratory in the fields of polymeric, composite, ceramic and metallic materials. He has provided consulting services linked to prototyping activities for academic institutions and enterprises in fields including energy, transport, aerospace and health.

  

 Socorro Martín Muela is special lab technician in our Machines Engineering Division within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. She supports our team, our teaching-learning experiences and our research lines, especially in connection with the UPM’s Product Development Lab and the UPM’s Mechanisms and Machines Lab, with organizational issues, over-viewing testing campaigns, managing information and helping us to improve our supply chain and our communication with stakeholders.

Silvia Ortega Pérez is special lab technician in our Machines Engineering Division within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ETSII-UPM. She supports our team, our teaching-learning experiences and our research lines, especially in connection with the UPM’s Product Development Lab and the UPM’s Mechanisms and Machines Lab, with organizational issues, over-viewing testing campaigns, managing information and helping us to improve our supply chain and our communication with stakeholders.

 

Acknowledgements to our mentors:

 If we have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants

 

pilarPilar Lafont Morgado is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering. She founded the UPM’s Product Development Lab in 1997 and led it until her retirement in 2015. As researcher she devoted her career to almost all fields of Mechanical Engineering, including: product design and development, development of methodologies for the design of mechanical transmissions, vibrations theory and its implications in machines’ life-cycle, tribology (contact phenomena, lubrication and wear), biomedical applications of Mechanical Engineering principles and related development of medical devices, among others. In all of them she was a pioneer in our country, leading our group towards the foundation of the “UPM’s Research Group in Machines Engineering” and of the “UPM’s Teaching Innovation Group in Machines Engineering”. At the beginning of the 1980s she implemented the first CAD-based project based learning experience in our country, the “EDIMPO Project”, linked to the complete design of a gearbox, which has been continuously improved since then and which is still running. She received the “UPM Teaching Innovation Award” for her innovative teaching-learning experiences.

emilioEmilio Bautista Paz is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering. He began teaching in 1962 as Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the Madrid School of Industrial Engineers, at present, part of UPM. For thirty years, he worked simultaneously at IBM on a part-time basis as Director of Industrial Applications Development. He has been Director of the Madrid School of Industrial Engineers, Director of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vice-president of the Senate of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Vice-president of the Spanish Tribology Society of the Royal Society of Physics. He was the First President of the Spanish Association of Mechanical Engineering and Vice-president of the Ibero-American Federation of Mechanical Engineering.

In June 2007 he became one of the twelve Honorary Members within IFToMM (the International Federation of Machines and Mechanisms), a honor established to recognize a lifetime of accomplishments in Mechanisms and Machines Science for engineers and scientists with international reputations. In October 2007 he received the Degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from St. Anthony Abbot University of Cusco, Peru, and from Pontifical Catholic University of Peru.

PRESS AND MEDIA

  • On medical applications of 3D printing with cases of study from our lab:

Telemadrid – Zoom: Impresoras 3D, Abril 2014

 

  • On industrial applications of 3D printing with cases of study from our lab:

Telemadrid – Zoom: Impresoras 3D, Marzo 2013

 

  • On the reconstruction of fossils from Atapuerca archaeological site:

Madrid Scientific Films

 

  • On laser stereolithography:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3H8MhcAqUQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlImbD4eLXM

 

 

  • II Feria “El Aprendiz de Ingeniero”, Sept. 2015

Taller Impresion 3DUna demostración sobre las tecnologías de fabricación aditiva industriales y de bajo coste como herramientas fundamentales de apoyo en el proceso de desarrollo de proyectos en múltiples ámbitos de la ingeniería. Es lo que pueden ver los participantes en la actividad titulada “Impresión 3D para productos avanzados”. “Les explicamos cuál es el proceso completo de desarrollo de nuevos productos y como la tecnología 3D ayuda a la ingeniería a verificar esos diseños: ergonomía, estética y todo tipo de funcionalidades”, indica Andrés Díaz Lantada, profesor de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales. Esta tecnología tiene aplicaciones en diferentes campos: desde el sector de la automoción o aeroespacial a la biomedicina o el diseño de juguetes. Pero es “la opción de diseñar geometrías del organismo humano o digitalizar a personas a escala” lo que más llama la atención entre los jóvenes, según explica Díaz Lantada”. (UPM Channel, News).

 

  • “La Uni en la calle”, Mar. 2013

Public talk on: “Prototipos avanzados 3D en el desarrollo de productos”

http://www.escuelaindustrialesupm.com/ingeniero-industrial/monumento-a-la-constitucion-escenario-de-las-aulas-de-etsii/#.V_PCPeWLTIU

DIAGNOCHIP: Design and development of a point-of-care rapid diagnostic system for urinary infections

  • “DIAGNOCHIP: Design and development of a point-of-care rapid diagnostic system for urinary infections”, CORFO, Government of Chile, 2014-2015. Objectives: The DIAGNOCHIP Project aims at the design and development of a point-of-care rapid diagnostic system for urinary infections, which constitutes an urgent need in remote locations without access to state-of-the-art microbiology laboratories and with prevalence of antibiotic resistances. The developed point-of-care lab-on-chip allows for rapid and visual selection of the adequate antibiotics, as the system in fact performs a rapid, cheap and sustainable antibiogram. In collaboration with: Diagnochip SpA, Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, Hospital de la Ribera de Valencia, Hospital Puerta de Hierro de Madrid. diagnochip.cl

diagnochip1

Diagnochip® system and result of the rapid antibiogram.
Diagnochip® system and result of the rapid antibiogram.

i-DENT: New technologies for engineering and manufacturing personalized dental implants and surgical solutions

  • “i-DENT: New technologies for engineering and manufacturing personalized dental implants and surgical solutions”, UPM Call for Collaborative Projects with Latin America, 2014-2015. Objectives: The i-DENT Project is aimed at validating the employment of new CAD-CAE-CAM approaches for the development of personalized solutions in dentistry, including dental implants and splint for guided surgery.

Biomimetic dental implants with porous structure for improved integration.
Biomimetic dental implants with porous structure for improved integration.

KEY PUBLICATIONS

KEY PUBLICATIONS

 

microsystemsHandbook on Microsystems for Enhanced Control of Cell Behavior, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Springer 2016: This handbook focuses on the entire development process of biomedical microsystems that promote special interactions with cells. Fundamentals of cell biology and mechanobiology are described as necessary preparatory input for design tasks. Advanced design, simulation, and micro/nanomanufacturing resources, whose combined use enables the development of biomedical microsystems capable of interacting at a cellular level, are covered in depth. A detailed series of chapters is then devoted to applications based on microsystems that offer enhanced cellular control, including microfluidic devices for diagnosis and therapy, cell-based sensors and actuators (smart biodevices), microstructured prostheses for improvement of biocompatibility, microstructured and microtextured cell culture matrices for promotion of cell growth and differentiation, electrophoretic microsystems for study of cell mechanics, microstructured and microtextured biodevices for study of cell adhesion and dynamics, and biomimetic microsystems (including organs-on-chips), among others.

 

 

advancedHandbook on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technologies for Bio-medical Devices, Andrés Díaz Lantada, Springer 2014: The last decades have seen remarkable advances in computer‐aided design, engineering and manufacturing technologies, multi‐variable simulation tools, medical imaging, biomimetic design, rapid prototyping, micro and nanomanufacturing methods and information management resources, all of which provide new horizons for the Biomedical Engineering fields and the Medical Device Industry. Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technologies for Biomedical Devices covers such topics in depth, with an applied perspective and providing several case studies that help to analyze and understand the key factors of the different stages linked to the development of a novel biomedical device, from the conceptual and design steps, to the prototyping and industrialization phases.

 

 

 

activeHandbook of Active Materials for Medical Devices, Andrés Díaz Lantada, PAN Stanford Publishing – CRC Press 2011: This book focuses on all types of biodevices, mainly implantable or chirurgical, used in the diagnosis or treatment of various pathologies, which benefit from the use of active materials such as sensors or actuators. Such active or “intelligent” materials are capable of responding in a controlled way to various external physical or chemical stimuli by changing some of their properties. These materials can be used to design and develop sensors, actuators, and multifunctional systems with a large number of applications for developing biodevices and medical devices. Current work in this field entails problems related to synthesis, characterization, modelling, simulation, processing, and prototyping technologies, as well as device testing and validation, all of which are treated in depth in this book. The research presented will help future developments in medical devices, based on the additional functionalities that the use of active or “intelligent” materials, both as sensors and as actuators, affords. The results offered in the book will help in the industrial expansion of active materials as part of more complex systems.

Development of a prototype for intra-ocular pressure regulation in glaucoma

  • “Development of a prototype for intra-ocular pressure regulation in glaucoma”, National Programme for the Promotion of Scientific-Technological Development and Innovation, Government of Perú, 2013-2014. Objectives: The Glauco-valve Project aims at the development of a prototype for intra-ocular pressure regulation in glaucoma. The glaucoma valve is designed with the support of FEM simulation resources, based on special texturing procedures and manufactured with the help of additive manufacturing resources. In collaboration with: University of Piura.

glauco1

Rapid prototyped glaucoma valve obtained in medical PDMS
Rapid prototyped glaucoma valve obtained in medical PDMS